What Countries Perform Female Circumcision?

Quick Fact
Female genital mutilation (FGM) persists in at least 31 countries worldwide. Somalia’s numbers are staggering—98% of women aged 15–49 have undergone the procedure as of 2026. Globally, an estimated 200 million girls and women live with FGM’s consequences, according to the World Health Organization.

Where does FGM happen?

FGM is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and pockets of Asia and South America.

These regions aren’t random—FGM clusters where cultural traditions run deep. Often tied to rites of passage, social acceptance, or attempts to control female sexuality, the practice persists despite widespread international condemnation. Deep-rooted social norms, economic dependence, and limited access to education and healthcare in these areas make change difficult.

Which countries still practice FGM?

FGM is reported in at least 31 countries, with the highest rates in Somalia, Guinea, and Egypt.

Here’s the breakdown by region:

Region	Countries with Reported FGM	Prevalence Rate (as of 2026)	Legal Status
Africa	Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda	Varies widely; Somalia: 98%, Guinea: 95%, Egypt: 87%	Banned in 28 African countries; criminalized but poorly enforced in others
Middle East	Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, State of Palestine	Lower prevalence but practiced among some ethnic groups	No federal laws in most; banned in UAE and Oman
Asia	India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka	Sporadic and often clandestine; no national prevalence data	Banned in Indonesia since 2022; no laws in others
South America	Colombia, Ecuador	Prevalence among indigenous groups; fewer than 1% nationally	Banned in both countries since 2023

Why does FGM continue despite global opposition?

FGM persists due to entrenched cultural beliefs, lack of education, and economic pressures.

The practice dates back over 2,000 years—ancient Egyptian papyri and Roman medical texts mention it. In Somalia, for example, Type III (infibulation) is often performed by traditional practitioners using unsterilized tools like razor blades or glass shards. Most procedures happen between infancy and age 15, usually around 5–9 years old. Communities cling to misconceptions, too—some believe it improves hygiene or fertility, even though medical evidence says otherwise.

Change is slow. The United Nations launched the "Global Alliance to End FGM" in 2024, targeting 17 high-prevalence countries for elimination by 2030. Progress? Only a 1% annual decline since 2015. Some communities have swapped FGM for "symbolic" ceremonies—like pricking the skin—but these aren’t universally accepted as safe alternatives.

How common is FGM in different countries?

Somalia leads with 98% prevalence, followed by Guinea (95%) and Egypt (87%).

Outside Africa, rates drop sharply. In the Middle East, it’s mostly limited to certain ethnic groups. Asia and South America see sporadic cases, often tied to indigenous communities. National data is scarce in many places, but the pattern is clear: the highest concentrations are in Africa.

What are the health risks of FGM?

FGM causes severe complications, including chronic pain, infections, and obstetric fistula.

Complications vary by type. Immediate risks include bleeding, shock, and infection. Long-term issues range from urinary problems to childbirth complications. The World Health Organization warns that FGM increases maternal and infant mortality risks. Honestly, this is one of the most harmful cultural practices still in existence.

How is FGM classified?

FGM is divided into four types, ranging from partial clitoral removal to complete sealing of the vaginal opening.

Type I involves removing part or all of the clitoris. Type II includes clitoral and labial removal. Type III, the most severe, seals the vaginal opening with scar tissue. Type IV covers all other harmful procedures, like piercing or scraping. Each type carries unique health risks.

Who performs FGM?

Traditional practitioners—often women with no medical training—perform most FGM procedures.

In some communities, it’s handled by respected elders or birth attendants. Medical professionals rarely carry it out, though exceptions exist. The lack of sterile tools and proper training makes these procedures extremely dangerous. (Imagine using a razor blade on a child—no anesthesia, no antiseptics.)

At what age does FGM typically occur?

Most procedures happen between infancy and age 15, with the highest frequency around 5–9 years old.

Timing varies by culture. In some groups, it’s done shortly after birth. In others, it’s delayed until just before puberty. The goal? To ensure the child is "ready" for marriage or womanhood. (Never mind the trauma—it’s just another way society polices girls’ bodies.)

What’s being done to stop FGM?

International organizations and local activists are pushing for legal bans, education, and community outreach.

The United Nations’ "Global Alliance to End FGM" is one major effort, aiming for elimination by 2030. Some countries have replaced FGM with symbolic ceremonies, but these aren’t foolproof. Progress is slow—only a 1% annual decline since 2015. Change requires more than laws; it needs cultural shifts.

Are there any legal consequences for FGM?

Yes—most countries where FGM is practiced have banned it, though enforcement varies widely.

In the EU, UK, and US, performing FGM or transporting a child abroad for the procedure can land you in prison. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security flags asylum seekers from high-risk countries for enhanced screening. Some nations, like Indonesia and Ecuador, have criminalized it only recently. Enforcement? That’s the real challenge.

What should travelers know about FGM?

Travelers should be aware of local norms and avoid participating in or normalizing the practice.

Healthcare providers in FGM-practicing countries need training to recognize complications like infections or obstetric fistula. If you’re visiting communities where FGM is common, observe local customs without endorsing harmful traditions. (And if you see something disturbing, report it—silence enables abuse.)

How does FGM affect asylum seekers?

Women fleeing FGM often qualify for asylum under gender-based persecution laws in countries like Canada and Sweden.

Since 2026, the US and EU have strengthened protections for these women. Asylum claims based on FGM risks are taken seriously, especially from high-prevalence countries. The process isn’t easy, but it’s a lifeline for those escaping this brutal practice.

What’s the difference between FGM and male circumcision?

FGM involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia, while male circumcision removes only the foreskin.

Both are cultural practices, but their health impacts differ wildly. Male circumcision is generally considered low-risk when done properly. FGM, on the other hand, carries lifelong complications—from chronic pain to life-threatening childbirth issues. (One is a medical procedure; the other is mutilation.)

Are there any safe alternatives to FGM?

Some communities replace cutting with symbolic ceremonies, like pricking or nicking the skin.

These alternatives aren’t universally accepted, and their safety is debated. The UNICEF warns that even minor procedures can cause harm. True alternatives require education and community buy-in—no shortcuts.

How can I help end FGM?

Support organizations fighting FGM, educate others, and advocate for policy changes.

Donate to groups like UNICEF or local activists. Speak up when you hear myths about FGM’s "benefits." Pressure governments to enforce bans and fund education. (Change starts with awareness—so don’t stay silent.)